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In the context of Bengali romanisation, it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription. The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation where the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. By the 19th century, the Bengali phonology had diverged a lot from Sanskrit phonology and had lost many of the consonant clusters used in Sanskrit. Similarly, there are two letters (জ and য) for the voiced postalveolar affricate dʒ. But it is quite opaque for “tatsam” words (words derived from Sanskrit), for both, phoneme-to-grapheme as well as grapheme-to-phoneme conversions. In fact, Bengali-Assamese script has the deepest orthography (deep orthography) among the Indian scripts.

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This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel, either ɔ as in মত mɔt “opinion” or o, as in মন mon “mind”, with variants like the more open ɒ. Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra.

• The Bengali script in general has a comparatively shallow orthography when compared to the Latin script used for English and French, i.e., in many cases there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) of Bengali.
• For example, the combination of the consonants ক্ k and ষ ʂ is graphically realised as ক্ষ and is pronounced kkʰo (as in রুক্ষ rukkʰo “coarse”), kʰɔ (as in ক্ষমতা kʰɔmota “capability”) or even kʰo (as in ক্ষতি kʰoti “harm”), depending on the position of the cluster in a word.
• Bengali nouns are not assigned gender, which leads to minimal changing of adjectives (inflection).
• Practice writing each letter multiple times daily until you can recognize and write them fluently.

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Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. আট বিড়াল aṭ biṛal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aṭ-ṭa biṛal “eight cats”) would typically be considered ungrammatical. There is also the classifier -khana, and its diminutive form -khani, which attaches only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin. Most nouns take the generic measure word -টা -ṭa, though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. -জন -jôn for humans). Wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-word to focus position, which is typically the first or second word in the utterance. Bengali makes use of postpositions, as opposed to the prepositions used in English and most European languages.

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In Pakistan, Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian, which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on the language. Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating.

The letter ষ also, sometimes, retains the voiceless retroflex sibilant ʂ sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in কষ্ট kɔʂʈo “suffering”, গোষ্ঠী ɡoʂʈʰi “clan”, etc. For example, there are three letters (শ, ষ, and স) for the voiceless postalveolar fricative ʃ, although the letter স retains the voiceless alveolar sibilant s sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in স্খলন skʰɔlon “fall”, স্পন্দন spɔndon “beat”, etc. In spite of some modifications in the 19th century, the Bengali spelling system continues to be based on the one used for Sanskrit, and thus does not take into account some sound mergers that have occurred in the spoken language. One kind of inconsistency is due to the presence of several letters in the script for the same sound.

An appropriate measure word (MW), a classifier, must be used between the numeral and the noun (most languages of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area are similar in this respect). Romani grammar is also closer to Bengali grammar than to that of western Indo-Aryan languages. Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, or IAST system (based on diacritics); “Indian languages Transliteration”, or ITRANS (uses upper case letters suited for ASCII keyboards); and the National Library at Kolkata romanisation. The script is known as the Bengali alphabet for Bengali and its dialects and the Assamese alphabet for Assamese language with some minor variations.

The potential influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on the phonology of Eastern Bengali is used to explain the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the “cerebral” consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). The Bengali-Assamese script is an abugida, a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. These 39 consonants combine with vowels to create all Bengali words. According to Suniti Kumar Chatterji, dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed a little more than 50% of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified Sanskrit words, corrupted forms of Sanskrit words, and loanwords non-Indo-European languages). Other related languages in the nearby region also make use of the Bengali script like the Meitei language in the Indian state of Manipur, where the Meitei language has been written in the Bengali script for centuries, though the Meitei script has been promoted in recent times. For example, the combination of the consonants ক্ k and ষ ʂ is graphically realised as ক্ষ and is pronounced kkʰo (as in রুক্ষ rukkʰo “coarse”), kʰɔ (as in ক্ষমতা kʰɔmota “capability”) or even kʰo (as in ক্ষতি kʰoti “harm”), depending on the position of the cluster in a word.

Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam. The 3rd article of the Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh.

The script used for Bengali, Assamese, and other languages is known as Bengali script. Almost all the cases of silent letters existing in Bengali are found in the tatsam words.The Bengali writing system, therefore, is often not a true guide for pronunciation. That is why most of the tatsam words are pronounced way different from what they are written or spelt. Bengali has lots of tatsam words (words directly derived from Sanskrit) and in all these words, the original spelling has been preserved but the pronunciations have changed due to consonant mergers https://banglabet-bd.com/app/ and sound shifts.

The main reason for these numerous inconsistencies is that there have been lots of sound mergers in Bengali, but the script has failed to account for the sound shifts and consonant mergers in the language. Thus, same letters and graphemes can often have different pronunciations depending on their position in a word and different graphemes and letters often have the same pronunciation. Some consonant clusters have completely different pronunciation as compared to the constituent consonants. In most of the consonant clusters, only the first consonant is pronounced and rest of the consonants are silent. Furthermore, the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable, as in কম kɔm “less”, but this omission is not generally reflected in the script, making it difficult for the new reader.